Internet
Directory for Botany - Botanical Museums, Herbaria, Natural History
Museums
Herbaria, botanical museums, natural history museums, and
their specimen databases - sorted geographically.
Africa
- Selmar Schonland Herbarium,
Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. The Selmar Schonland
Herbarium (GRA) was formed in 1993 by the amalgamation of the
Albany Museum Herbarium (GRA) and the Rhodes University Herbarium
(RUH). It is named in honour of the distinguished botanist who
did much to establish botany in South Africa, at Rhodes University
and the botanical collections at the Albany Museum in the late
19th century.
- University of Cape Town - The Bolus Herbarium,
South Africa.
- University of Natal Herbarium,
South Africa, is focussed upon systematic study of Cyperaceae
in subSaharan Africa.
- FIRM Herbarium,
Malaysia. Established in 1908, present collection of over 150,000
plant specimens. Recently recognised as the national herbarium,
it functions as the central depository of plant specimens collected
within Malaysia.
- Herbarium, University of Kebangsaan (UKMB),
Malaysia.
- Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Taipei (HAST),
Taiwan.
- Herbarium (KOCH)
of Kochi University, Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy, contains approximately
80,000 bryophyte specimens.
- The North Cyprus Herbarium,
Nikosia, Cyprus.
- Herbarium of Tel Aviv University (TELA),
Israel.
- Australian National Botanic Gardens Herbarium (CBG) specimens
- Museum of Victoria Artefact Collection: Economic Botany,
Melbourne, Australia.
- National Herbarium of New South Wales,
Australia. The collections of the National Herbarium of New South
Wales consist of almost one million specimens of flowering and
non-flowering plants, with a large proportion from this State
and the majority from within Australia.
- University of New England, Department of Botany and the New England Herbarium,
Armidale, NSW, Australia. The New England Herbarium, established
in 1958, is a collection of 51,000 vascular plant specimens with
databased information from each of the specimens, more than 6,000
phyllosphere fungi specimens, and several hundred lichen collections.
Europe
Croatia
Denmark
Finland
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum (H),
University of Helsinki, Finland. Information on collections, databases and archives,
publications
(floristic periodicals Lutukka and Norrlinia), staff,
mapping projects (Atlas Florae Europaeae,
Atlas of the Distribution of the Vascular Plants of Finland),
Finnish vascular plants and floristic literature,
Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Finland,
threatened plants, etc. - Kasvimuseo, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo,
gopher files of the Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural
History. - Italian mirror of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
- Herbarium Aquilanum (AQUI),
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Sezione Botanica, Universita'
degli Studi di L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
- Museo Tridentino di Scienzi Naturali
(MRSN), Trento, Italy. Information on the museum, its staff and
research, abstracts of Acta Biologica, Acta Geologica, Preistoria
Alpina.
- Natural History Museum of Florence (Firenze), Botanical Section,
Italy.
- University of Pisa - Museum of Natural History
(Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Pisa), Italy.
Luxemburg
the Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Russia
- Herbarium of the Moscow State University (MW),
Russia. Moscow State University Herbarium was established in 18
century. It is one of the biggest Russian herbariums, containing
more than one million specimens, including unique samples from
such and such collections. - In Russian and English.
- The N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR),
St. Petersburg, Russia. The N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research
Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) originated and developed from
the Bureau of Applied Botany organized in 1894. In 1992 this Institute
received its current name, and since 1967 has been bearing the
name of Academician N.I. Vavilov, a brilliant scientist and the
talented director of the Institute from 1921 till 1940. This Institute
is the only research institution in Russia fully involved in plant
genetic resources activities. It houses one of the world's largest
collections (about 350,000 accessions) of plant germplasm representing
various agricultural crops and their wild relatives.
Spain
Sweden
- Göteborg University, Department of Systematic Botany & Herbarium,
Sweden.
- Botanical Museum, University of Lund,
Sweden.
- Swedish Museum of Natural History
(Naturhistoriska Rijksmuseet, Stockholm), Sweden. The Swedish
Museum of Natural History (NRM) is a state-run museum operating
as an independent governmental agency. Swedish Museum of Natural History - Botanical Collections.
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Cryptogamic Botany (KBO), Sweden.
- University of Stockholm, Department of Botany Herbarium (SUNIV),
Sweden.
- Uppsala, Botanical Museum (Fytoteket; UPS),
Sweden. UPSC fungal culture collection catalog - MYCOTEKET
/// UPS vascular plant specimen database.
Switzerland
UK
- The British Antartic Survey Herbarium (AAS), Cambridge, UK.
The British Antarctic Survey herbarium (international code AAS)
contains a large collection of plant specimens (over 38, 000)
from Antarctica, the sub-Antarctic Islands and surrounding continents
(especially Fuegia and Patagonia). Over 2000 taxa are represented,
comprising predominantly bryophytes and lichens with smaller collections
of vascular plants, macro-algae and macro-fungi.
- British Museum of Natural History (BM),
UK. This server is being developed to provide information on the
Museum's exhibitions and public programmes and to provide access
to information about the Museum's work and its collections.
- The Herbarium of the Department of Plant Sciences, Cambridge University,
UK.
- Kew, The Royal Botanic Gardens,
UK.
- The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh,
UK.
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading,
UK, including Herbarium News Index
N America (Canada & USA)
Canada
- A. E. Roland Herbarium,
Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Canada. The A. E. Roland Herbarium
is located in the Department of Biology, N.S.A.C. and houses a
number of specialized collections totalling approximately 13,000
specimens. The continuing mandate of the A. E. Roland Herbarium
is to collect, document, and preserve a floristic record of Nova
Scotia and to conduct research on native plant species.
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Centre for Biodiversity
- The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) Botany Department,
Canada.
- The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) Vascular Plant Herbarium (TRT),
Canada. TRT is a collection of over 260,000 specimens and associated
photographic and other material that primarily documents the flora
of Ontario.
USA
- Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, and its Natural History Museum.
Founded in 1812, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
is the oldest scientific research and education institution in
the Western Hemisphere.
- Austin, University of Texas, Plant Resources Center,
USA - Home Page of The University of Texas at Austin Plant Resources
Center (LL, TEX). The University of Texas Herbaria houses a collection
of over 1.1 million specimens with emphasis on plants from Texas,
the southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America. Type specimens of the University of Texas (Austin);
description of the database.
- Beal-Darlington Herbarium,
Michigan State University, USA (gopher), and its Cryptogamic Herbarium.
- Bishop Museum,
Bishop Museum's Botany Home Page.
The State Museum of Natural and Cultural History, Honolulu, Hawai'i,
USA. Bishop Museum's Gopher.
Hawaiian Biological Survey,
including a Hawaiian Plant Bibliography
(references to the native and naturalized flowering plants and
ferns of Hawaii, especially articles concerning the taxonomy,
systematics, and ecology of these taxa), and type catalog of the Herbarium Pacificum (BISH) of the Bishop Museum.
This database of botanical type specimens contains data for all
of the over 12,000 type specimens at BISH.
- California Academy of Sciences, Botany Department,
USA: type specimens (gopher). The catalog of botanical type specimens
at the California Academy of Sciences includes type specimens
from the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS)
and those from the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University (DS).
The total holdings of type specimens is over 9,000.
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History - Botany,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. The Museum's herbarium is the major
botanical facility in the Upper Ohio Valley region and ranks among
the top 20 herbaria in North America. In addition to large holdings
from the region, the 570,000 vascular plant specimens include
worldwide geographic and taxonomic representation.
- Charles B. Graves Herbarium, Connecticut College,
(=CCNL), New London, USA. The herbarium holds approximately 10,000
specimens. It contains a thorough representation of the flora
of the northeastern United States. Most of its holdings are specimens
collected in New England, with an emphasis on Connecticut.
- Chicago Academy of Sciences - Botany Collections,
USA.
- Consortium of Herbaria in Arizona and New Mexico (CHAZNM) Home Page,
USA.
- Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University,
USA. - under construction in February 1996
- The Farlow Herbarium Diatom Catalog,
USA. The gopher catalog of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic
Botany at Harvard University contains about 13,000 records.
- Florida Division of Plant Industry. Plant Industry Herbarium,
Gainesville, USA.
- Harvard University Herbaria,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Harvard University Herbaria, with
approximately 5 million specimens of plants and fungi, ranks eighth
in the world in number of specimens. It houses what were once
seven separate herbarium collections: the Herbarium of the Arnold
Arboretum, the Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames, the Oakes Ames
Orchid Herbarium, the Farlow Herbarium, the Gray Herbarium, and
the New England Botanical Club Herbarium. The herbaria also holds
several ancillary collections including the Bailey-Wetmore Wood
Collection and the paleobotanical collections. The Botanical Museum,
with its public display of ca. 3,000 glass flower models draws
nearly 100,000 visitors per year, also houses a collection of
ethnobotanical artifacts. - Type Specimen Catalog
(WWW), Harvard University Herbarium Type Specimen Catalog
(searchable gopher database), USA. Information from type specimens
of seed plants in A, AMES, GH, and NEBC, with an estimated number
of 80,000 types. Farlow Diatom Catalog,
Botanical Collectors Database,
Botanical Authors Database,
Botanical Publications Database.
These databases are also available via gopher.
- The Economic Botany Herbarium of Oakes Ames,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. ECON consists
of about 40,000 specimens of economically important plants of
cultivated and spontaneous origin, including those of importance
to agriculture, industry or the arts, and those employed by primitive
peoples. In addition, there are representatives of plants found
in herbals and other useful plants of present or former importance
to society and wild plants of potential economic interest. The
herbarium is also geared to the study of the origin of cultivated
plants.
- Harvard University Herbaria Botany Libraries,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The Harvard University Herbaria
house five comprehensive, non-circulating research libraries which
are managed collectively as the Botany Libraries. The combined
collections, totaling more than 230,000 volumes, are rich repositories
of rare books, manuscripts, field notes, and historical correspondence,
as well as current monographs, journals and electronic media.
Most of the libraries' holdings are now listed in HOLLIS, Harvard's
online catalog.
- Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The Arnold
Arboretum herbarium contains approximately 1,307,084 specimens,
including those of cultivated origin, which are housed in a separate
herbarium in the Hunnewell Building at Jamaica Plain in Boston.
The Arboretum collections are especially strong in material from
Indo-Malesia (India to the Philippines and Papuasia), China and
eastern and southeastern Asia in general. The Chinese and Philippine
collections are probably as comprehensive as any in the world.
- The Farlow Herbarium (FH),
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The Farlow
Herbarium houses nearly 1,400,000 specimens of lichenized and
non-lichenized fungi, bryophytes, and algae. The collections are
world-wide in scope; particular strengths are in bound, indexed
exsiccatae, bryophytes and fungi from Asia, entomogenous fungi,
Antarctic lichens and special "authors" herbaria which
contain many type specimens.
- The Gray Herbarium (GH),
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. There are some
1,939,914 specimens in the Herbarium. Worldwid in scope, the Gray
Herbarium is especially strong in representation for all of North
America, including Mexico and the West Indies.
- The New England Botanical Club Herbarium,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium (AMES),
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. AMES contains
about 131,000 specimens. It is accompanied by a library of about
5,000 books, reprints, and journals. In addition, a collection
of 3,000 flowers in glycerine, 4,000 pickled specimens, and hundreds
of line drawings supplement dried specimens in the main collection.
- The Herbarium of Kansas State University,
USA.
- Herbarium of the University of Alaska Museum (ALA),
USA. The Herbarium contains more than 165,000 specimens of non-vascular
and vascular plants and is the only major research herbarium in
Alaska. The collection includes plants from other states, Canada,
Greenland, Fennoscandia, Japan, and Russia and provides a basis
for teaching and research. It is the best collection of Alaskan
vascular plants in the United States, and the second best collection
of Alaskan bryophytes.
- Illinois State Museum,
Springfield, USA. The Illinois State Museum, Department of Botany
has a North American Pollen Database.
- The Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University,
Logan, USA. The Intermountain Herbarium was founded by Bassett
Maguire in 1931 to provide a regional resource for those working
with the plants of the region. This is still the herbarium's primary
goal. Its features include the research collection of approximately
216,000 specimens, a synoptic collection for routine identification,
a photographic slide collection, and a reference library.
- The Ives Herbarium of Furman University,
USA. - In February 1996 just some images of from the plant collections.
- Kansas University Natural History Museum, Division of Botany,
Lawrence, USA. The KUNHM Division of Botany comprises the Ronald
L. McGregor Herbarium (acronym KANU) and the paleobotanical collection
amassed by Robert Baxter. Soon, the paleobotanical collections
of Drs. Thomas and Edith Taylor will also become part of the Division.
The history of the Herbarium extends back to the establishment
of the University (1866), although most of the collections are
from recent decades. The emphasis in the neontological collection
is on the flora of the Great Plains: 66% of the 358,740 (estimated)
extant-plant specimens are from the region.
- Los Angeles County, Natural History Museum,
California, USA.
- Milwaukee Public Museum,
USA, and its botany collections
and herbarium (MIL).
- Missouri Botanical Garden, WWW;
MO Gopher; Missouri Botanical Garden - Moss Types,
St. Louis, USA.
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico
and UNM Herbarium,
USA. The UNM herbarium, housing the largest collection of dried
and mounted plants in New Mexico, contains more than 86,500 catalogued
specimens of vascular and non-vascular plants. Established in
1928, the herbarium is regional in scope, emphasizing plants of
the southwestern United States.
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science,
USA. The Museum, located in Albuquerque, is a division of the
Office of Cultural Affairs, State of New Mexico, has an exhibition
called Wild Plants of the Pueblo Province.
- New York Botanical Garden Type Specimen Catalog,
USA. The New York Botanical Garden is in the process of cataloging
its approximately 150,000 type specimens. Specimen records will
be posted family by family to the Biodiversity and Biological
Collections Gopher (on the MUSE Project server at Cornell University).
- Northern Prairie Science Center Herbarium Holdings,
USA. Northern Prairie maintains the third largest herbarium in
North Dakota, with an estimated 6,000 sheets. With an emphasis
on flora of the Great Plains, the collection is especially strong
on wetland species. The herbarium holdings have been computerized
and will soon be available via WWW.
- Oklahoma Museum of Natural History (Oklahoma Natural Survey),
USA. The Oklahoma Museum of Natural History is a research unit
of the University of Oklahoma.
- Oregon State University Herbarium,
USA. The combined OSC and ORE herbaria contain approximately 330,000
vascular plant, bryophyte, algal, and fungal specimens. Another
32,000 specimens, the Morton E. Peck Herbarium from Willamette
University, are maintained as a separate collection. Mycological Type Collection
and OSC Vascular Plant Database.
- Peabody Museum of Natural History -- Paleontological Types,
Yale University, USA. The Peabody Museum's Paleobotanical Collection
numbers over 100,000 specimens. The collection is world-wide in
scope with 75% derived from North America and the other 25% representing
South America, China, West Indies, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan,
Central America, Australia, Antarctica, Europe and the Arctic.
- Purdue University, Arthur Herbarium,
USA. Purdue University's Arthur Herbarium is one of the world's
largest and most studied research, teaching, and reference collections
of plant rust fungi (Order: Uredinales). It contains close to
100,000 specimens collected from nearly every country of the world.
The herbarium, started by Dr. J. C. Arthur, the first head of
the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, has been in operation
for over a century. It is the longest continually supported project
of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station
- Purdue University's Kriebel Herbarium,
USA. The Kriebel Herbarium presently comprises approximately 54,000
specimens of vascular plants, along with perhaps 2,000 specimens
of algae, bryophytes and fungi other than rusts. In addition,
the Kriebel has a number of sets of exchange specimens (called
exsiccati) of fungi, totaling approximately 16,000 specimens.
- Searchable Herbarium Collections in the USA
- a gopher directory from Cornell.
- SERFIS, Southeastern
Regional Floristic Information System, USA. The ultimate goal
of the SERFIS project is to computerize the collections from all
herbaria in the Southeastern United States. This region has 112
herbaria with approximately 6,250,000 botanical collections. The
SERFIS project is a consortium of southeastern herbaria that intends
to combine scattered local resources to provide quality services
to the community at large. Today, SERFIS has grown to 100,000
records of collection data, 60,000 taxonomic names and 120,000
geographic names, in addition to some records of Chinese collections
as bilingual (English and Chinese) sample data.
- SMASCH Project, University of California at Berkeley, USA,
Specimen MAnagement System for California
Herbaria. SMASCH is a collaborative effort by the Association
of California Herbaria (ACH) to develop and implement a distributed
database that will store and manage information obtained from
accession sheets of vascular plants collected in California. The
SMASCH project, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF),
is developing a database of text data and images of specimens
that document the distribution and classification of the plants
of California. During the next five years, images will be captured
and data will be entered for each of about 400,000 specimens housed
at Berkeley. Parallel systems are being established at the California Academy of Sciences
and the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.
- The S.M. Tracy Herbarium (TAES),
Texas, USA.
- Smithsonian Institution WWW Home Page
(USA), SI Natural History Web
(The Smithsonian Natural History Web is an internet resource compiled
and maintained by the staff of the National Museum of Natural
History. Here you will find documents and data about Museum research
and the national collections, which comprise more than 120 million
scientific specimens and cultural artifacts from around the world.
You will also find information about programs and projects at
the Museum or produced in cooperation with other organizations,
supporting the Museum's mission of understanding the natural world
and our place in it.). SI Gopher,
SI, Dept. of Botany (WWW),
a brief overview of US National herbarium.
- Southern Illinois University Herbarium,
Carbondale, USA. The Southern Illinois University Herbarium currently
houses about 250,000 specimens. The web site includes sections
on the history of the herbarium, flora of Illinois, databases
of selected taxonomic groups, and research projects at SIU.
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biology Herbarium,
USA.
- TAMU Herbaria,
TAMU specimen database,
TAMU Biology Herbarium Collection - Search Form.
Specimen holdings holdings at Biology Department Herbarium and
Keck Center for Genome Informatics, Texas, USA.
- Tulane University Herbarium,
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Tulane
University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The Tulane University
Herbarium is one of the principal herbaria of the Gulf South region,
and was designated a National Resource Collection by the American
Society of Plant Taxonomists in 1974. The herbarium has a list
of its type collections
(148 vascular plant specimens).
- University of Arkansas Herbarium,
Fayetteville, USA.
- U.C Berkeley's University and Jepson Herbarium,
USA. Types Catalog, University of California and Jepson Herbaria,
USA. This catalog is part of the SMASCH project. Jepson Herbarium Place Name Index.
The Jepson Place Name Index contains approximately 41,000 place
names found on botanical collection labels.
- University of California at Berkeley, Museum of Paleontology,
USA. Paleobotany Type Collection Catalogs and Indexes of UCMP
is a list of type specimens of fossil plants in the UCMP collections,
including over 8,000 specimens cataloged through 1986. Microfossil Type Collection Catalogs and Indexes of UCMP.
- University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS),
University of Florida (FLAS)
type specimens. The University of Florida Herbarium is an integral
unit in the Department of Natural Sciences of the Florida Museum
of Natural History and is affiliated with the Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, the Department of Botany and the Department
of Plant Pathology.
- University of Maryland, Department of Plant Biology,
College Park, USA; Norton-Brown Herbarium
(MARY)
- University of Massachusetts Herbarium,
USA. The University of Massachusetts Herbarium includes two herbaria,
the Amherst College Herbarium started in 1829 by Professor Edward
Hitchcock, and the Massachusetts State Herbarium founded in 1867
by W. S. Clark, first president of the University.
- University of Michigan Herbarium (MICH),
USA. The University of Michigan Herbarium was founded in 1837
with Douglass Houghton's collections. Major strengths of the collection
are the holdings of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Mexico,
Southeast Asia (Himalayas, Sumatra, Borneo) and Iran.
- University of Minnesota Herbarium,
St. Paul, USA.The University of Minnesota Herbarium (6th largest
among U.S. university herbaria according to the 8th ed. of Index
Herbariorum, 1990) now contains over 830,000 specimens of dried
plants and fungi. It is one of the better resources for the flora
of the Upper Midwest (nearly 130,000 specimens represent the vascular
flora of Minnesota alone) as well as housing collections of early
explorations to the South Pacific (1900's) and the lower Orinoco
River of Venezuela (1896), an extensive vascular circumboreal
collection, and the best representation of National Park lichen
flora. - Herbarium Specimen Catalogues.
University of Minnesota Herbarium
(gopher).
- University of Missouri Herbarium,
Columbia, USA.
- The Division of Botany of the University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSM),
USA, consists of the 300,000 specimen C.E. Bessey Herbarium (herbarium
acronym: NEB) and a small paleobotanical collection.
- University of South Florida - Institute for Systematic Botany and Herbarium,
Tampa, FL, USA. The USF Herbarium was established as a research
and teaching collection in 1958, two years after the founding
of the University of South Florida.
- University of Texas at El Paso Centennial Museum's Laboratory for Environmental Biology - Herbarium.
The Herbarium (UTEP) contains over 54,000 catalogued plant specimens,
the data base for which is completely computerized. Geographic
coverage for southwestern North America is quite good. Overall
geographic content of the Herbarium is approximately as follows:
Texas, 33%; New Mexico, 22%; other USA, 27%; Mexico, 11%; other
world, 7%.
- U.S. National Fungus Collections Databases,
U.S. National Herbarium Type Specimen Register;
U.S. National Herbarium - Lichen Type Specimens,
all from the Smithsonian Natural History Gopher.
- Virginia Tech Museum of Natural History,
Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. Virginia Tech Museum of Natural History: VTECH research collections
- Brazilian Herbaria
page by Base de Dados Tropical (BDT).
- Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute - Herbarium,
images of type specimens.
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias UNAM,
Mexico. National Herbarium, Mexico - Specimen images.
- Sumario de especimenes del Herbario Nacional (Instituto de Biologia,
U.N.A.M.) Pictures in format gif of 300 x 200.
- The EMBRAPA/CENARGEN Herbarium,
Brazil. The EMBRAPA/CENARGEN Herbarium was created in 1977 and
is registred by Index Herbariorum as Herbarium CEN. Its collection
includes about 30.000 specimens. Of this estimate, about 50% are
economic plants, including wild relatives, especially forage grasses,
legumes, cassava, groundnut, pineapple, peppers, yams, oil producting
plants, ornamental and medicinal. The other part includes mainly
collections of flowering plants. The Herbarium CEN is a research,
training and service institution that serves as a reference center,
documentation and data storehouse. List of holdings,
gopher, caution: 6.5 MB!, better try the indexed search.
- Alphabetical List
(Canada) - Finnish mirror of the Alphabetical List
- Subject Category List
(Finland)
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This page updated May 16, 1996 by Raino.Lampinen@Helsinki.Fi